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There could be no better investment in America than to invest in America becoming energy independent! We need to utilize everything in out power to reduce our dependence on foreign oil including using our own natural resources. Create cheap clean energy, new badly needed green jobs and reduce our dependence on foreign oil.The high cost of fuel this past year seriously damaged our economy and society. The cost of fuel effects every facet of consumer goods from production to shipping costs. After a brief reprieve gas is inching back up.OPEC will continue to cut production until they achieve their desired 80-100. per barrel.If all gasoline cars, trucks, and SUV's instead had plug-in electric drive trains the amount of electricity needed to replace gasoline is about equal to the estimated wind energy potential of the state of North Dakota.We have so much available to us such as wind and solar. Let's spend some of those bail out billions and get busy harnessing this energy. Create cheap clean energy, badly needed new jobs and reduce our dependence on foreign oil. What a win-win situation that would be for our nation at large! There is a really good new book out by Jeff Wilson called The Manhattan Project of 2009 Energy Independence Now. http://www.themanhattanprojectof2009.com

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You should take a look at this. These guys seem to have found an answer.
Introduction to the Y3000 Plan

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5. First Steps

The scheme I have proposed solar power plant, to which I have received a patent is presented in Figure 1.





Figure 1

1 - transparent double-layer shell


2 - porous substances, absorbing the sun's rays (charcoal)

3 - steam turbine

4 - condenser water vapor

Installation works as follows.

Sun's rays passing through the transparent shell 1, are at absorbing substance 2. As a solar energy-absorbing materials to be used charcoal, continuous layer of surface water. Absorbing the sun's rays, coal is heated and evaporates ingrained its water. Water vapor is accumulated under the dome of a transparent envelope. According to estimates calculated the surface temperature of coal in the daytime, with clear skies to exceed one hundred degrees Celsius. As the water vapor pressure at one hundred degrees Celsius is equal to atmospheric, the transparent envelope is in the deployed position. From a shell of pairs of steam enters the steam turbine 3. After passing through the turbine and, after giving their energy, steam is cooled in the condenser 4, and turns into water. The temperature of condensation of steam at about forty degrees Celsius. At that temperature the vapor pressure is only one tenth of the atmosphere, ie, pressure steam turbine is 0.9 atmosphere. In this variation, and rotates the spinning turbine generator.

Quantities of steam under a shell, it is enough to operate a steam turbine, both day and night. Moreover, the size of the envelope and power a steam turbine can pick up in such a way that the plant can operate continuously, and a few dirty days. Naturally, with the sunny weather vapor is generated not only for immediate filing in the turbine, but also to restore the amount of steam under the shell.

Transparent shell double to make the layer of air located between the two transparencies, impede heat loss to the external environment because of the heat transfer of water vapor in the air.

Poligon National Institute of Alternative Energy is in the southern Taiwan city of Kaohsiung in the territory of the former military. Here, the former army stadium was built solar power plant, the principle of which was taken from my Taiwanese patent.

However, the specific physical embodiment of ideas to life proved far from the scheme proposed in the patent.

Appearance of the solar installation is shown in Figure 2.




Fig.2


Installation was a structure in the form of parallelepiped with concrete walls, concrete floors and a flat transparent roof. The walls were composed of concrete blocks and plastered inside. The roof is a provision to the metal beams translucent polycarbonate sheets. Polycarbonate sheets have been sealed, to join with each other and hermetically raskrepleny to the walls and beams.

Inside concrete walls and floors were covered with black heat-resistant waterproofing. The length of the construction of 12 meters, width - 6 m and height of about one and a half meters.

In the floor there was a hatch 60 inches in diameter with a metal lid. The hatch covers an underground channel, which could penetrate inside the structure.

As a concrete wall at a height of one meter was zadelana metal pipe inner diameter of 25 millimeters. By means of a flexible plastic hose connected to a metal pipe faucet, located at a distance of ten meters from the plant and brought inside to install town water.

For the same metal pipe anticipated release of the installation of vapor generated by evaporation solar radiation.

On the concrete floor a layer of 2 cm was poured fine charcoal.

The scheme of installation is clear from Figure 3.






Fig.3

1 - wall

2 - transparent overlap

3 - absorbing layer (charcoal)

4 - pipe















The test installation was carried out on 11 May 2001 and ended with the destruction of the installation.

As is clear from the report of the test installation, presented by a group of doctors of the National Institute of Meya management alternative energy, construction and final installation of sealing was completed on 10 May 2001. On the night of 10 to 11 May, the installation through the hose was connected to piped water, and began filling it with water. By 5 am, May 11, the depth of the layer of water in the installation of 40 centimeters, and the water was stopped. The hose was disconnected from the tap, but remain connected to a metal pipe in the wall installation.

By the inner surface of the transparent plastic floors were attached thermometer reading had been seen outside observer.

In an hour after sunrise, the temperature inside the facility was 90 degrees Celsius. By nine o'clock, thirty-five minutes the temperature had reached a hundred degrees Celsius. From a plastic tube with a hissing jet of steam escape.

A few minutes later, the observer, standing against the wall construction, said a large bulging plastic floors.

The sound of steam coming out of the hose, and turned sharply increased in the whistle.

In nine hours and forty minutes a loud cotton. Plastic cover torn off and otletelo aside. Together with the overlap of the upper part was destroyed by concrete walls.

The observer, who stood against the wall and traceback evidence thermometer, was injured razletayuschegosya chunks of concrete and a slight burn a person to escape from the installation of water vapor.

The ratio of doctor Meya and management of National Institute of Alternative Energy for the installation of the test results proved very interesting. In the words of Dr. May: «We have understood that they have found a powerful force, and need to learn how to use it».

Because the victim in the destruction of a military installation, the office began investigating the incident relevant and unavoidable military structures in such cases, stop the work. At this point the leadership NIAE and it was agreed on the desirability of my early arrival at Taiwan.

When I arrived in Kaohsiung in the ground, the first thing I was asked to explain the reason for the destruction of the installation. In general terms, the reason is, of course, was all clear - to set the collapsed due to the unacceptable increase in internal pressure. My task was to provide a quantitative description of the processes occurring.

This has been easy. I thought steam flow through the hose and the pressure drop along the length of the hose. It turns out that when the internal diameter of tube 25 millimeters and its length of 10 meters of excess internal pressure inside the installation of half an atmosphere. This means that the force acted on the ceiling value of about 60 tons. It is clear that to withstand such a strain was unable to design the installation.

My calculations were included in the report of a board, and work resumed at the facility.

I must say that by that time I already had a draft of an improved solar power installation of continuous operation with a steam turbine.

However, for purely bureaucratic reasons, which are inevitable in any country, including in Taiwan, it was necessary as soon as possible to prove the promise of such facilities and to obtain money for further work in this direction.

Need was not just a solar power plant, but, as stated in the topic of development, «solar power installation of continuous operation».

As I said earlier, it had to be done as soon as possible.

As a result of intensive work we have coped with this task, and after two months on the ground there was modernized solar power installation of continuous operation.

Scheme of the solar installation of continuous operation is given in Figure 4.






Fig. 4

1 - wall

2 - transparent overlap



3 - absorbing layer

4-pipe steam

5 - Concrete Pool

6 - the tank with a flexible shell to water vapor

7 - the withdrawal of steam piping from the tank

8 - vacuum pump

9 - water tank

Receiver sunlight remains recovered after the accident, and was, respectively, from the concrete walls of 1 and a transparent plastic floors 2. Inside the receiver of solar radiation on the concrete floor was also poured absorbent layer 3 of the charcoal. Near the receiver built tank with a flexible shell to water vapor 6, which is the hemisphere radius of ten meters of the few films heat-resistant plastic. Between the heat-resistant plastic film placed layer insulation (foam) thickness polmetra. The reservoir for the water vapor has opened up on the concrete ground occurred in the form of a round basin 5. The receiver of solar radiation and the reservoir are connected by piping steam 4, in which couples from the receiver and into the flexible reservoir. Because the shell wall of water vapor wrinkle at the slightest change in pressure between the inside of the shell and the external atmospheric pressure, the pressure of water vapor in the reservoir is always equal to atmospheric pressure. The pipeline was a steam pipe diameter of 150 millimeters. A large section of the pipe contributed to the fact that the vapor pressure inside the receiver of solar radiation inside the shell, and almost equal, ie, the pressure inside the receiver of solar radiation is also almost equal to the outer atmospheric pressure. This fact excludes the possibility of a recurrence of an incident occurring on 11 May 2001.

The maximum amount of water vapor in the reservoir is 2000 cubic meters. When working optimally during the day with cloudless skies installation gives about 160 cubic meters per hour. Completely filling the reservoir of steam occurs in 2-3 days. Heat loss through the shell is that condenses inside the shell of every hour of 7 cubic meters of water vapor. At the heat loss through the shell of tank takes about 10% of the energy absorbed by the receiver. For an experimental setup that is quite acceptable value.

Steam from the tank can be piped for selecting a pair of 7 can pick up at any time and in any quantity.

Of course, it would be most prudent to steam for steam turbines. However, to design, place your order and make a steam turbine to the existing parameters and the flow rate of steam in the allotted time frame we were unrealistic. At the same time required to find a use for the generated steam, which anyone, even if not very versed in the energy sector, clearly demonstrate the functioning of the plant in a continuous mode. In the end, was selected in which the water vapor from the tank on the bleeder steam discharged into the tank 9, a half-filled with water.

Buck 9 diameter of 3 meters and a height of 4 meters is made of sheet metal. The tank is connected by pipeline with the receiver of solar radiation so that the tank is always maintained the same water level. Steam from the tank into the tank and condensed by cooling the walls of the tank air. In the tank through the work of the vacuum pump 8 is supported by rarefaction, the pressure of water vapor at 0.2-0.6 atmosphere. 9 Buck serves as the condenser water vapor.

Steam in the tank 9 is carried out under the level of surface water, water in the tank when the vapor bubble, occurs barbotazh couple. The process barbotazha accompanied by strong noise and vibration tank. Therefore, steam in the tank is located directly next to the tank man. Because we needed first and foremost a demonstration effect in the work of installation, this scheme is all well arranged.

Handbook of Alternative Energy Institute, examined the installation and verify the fact of its continuous operation for three days, decided to create the industrial design of solar steam power continuous.

The first steam solar installation of continuous operation at the stadium of the military in Kaohsiung then operated as early as one year. In the future, flexible shell reservoir pair was removed, and the tank-capacitor dismantled. Time to create a museum of history of the solar energy sector in Taiwan has not yet come, but from a technical standpoint, this installation is already interest is not. His main task it completed - the main principles for the establishment of an industrial solar power to clarify and money have been allocated for this purpose.

6. The project «Black Pearl»

Experimental-industrial solar steam power continuous type «Black Pearl» was mounted 17 July 2003 in the seaside village of Funchzhen 20 kilometers south of Kaohsiung. Solar Power «Black Pearl» is a fairly sophisticated with a thermodynamic point of view of the system is far gone in its development from the first installation at the Army Stadium Kaohsiung.

In the installation used the latest materials, which only managed to find and deliver the National Institute of Alternative Energy.

To produce a transparent envelope, it was decided to use a Polyester film. The full name of the film - poliestertereftalat. The material itself has a very high strength, the structure of molecules of polyester is that the filament or film of it has a very high resistance at the gap. Protective film of any thickness made of an appropriate quantity, from 6 to 30-micron layers. Individual segments are connected into a coherent whole by rolling under pressure, with a strictly defined temperature.

Through careful observance of the technological requirements of film sintered in a homogeneous structure, which will: do not exfoliate, not mutneet retains its transparency, flexibility and ductility at high strength.

For the absorption of solar energy is a highly selective coating absorptance in the solar spectrum which is 0.95, and the ratio of its own radiation at the working temperature of coverage - only 0.03.

Propuskatelnaya ability of solar radiation on the transparent insulation layer is 0.95 ÷ 0.81 depending on the angle of incidence of sunlight.

The scheme of the type of solar power «Black Pearl» is given in Figure 5.



Fig.5

1 - transparent insulation

2 - shell with absorbing layer

3 - heat-insulating sheath

4 - centrifugal compressor

5 - steam turbine

6 - electric

7 - condenser water vapor

8 - water pumps

9 - fixing ropes

The receiver of solar radiation is composed of several layers of flexible spherical shells. The outer shell consists primarily of transparent insulation 1 (construction of polyester), which transmits solar radiation but prevent cooling outside air. Sun rays through the transparent insulation, are absorbed by a shell with absorbing layer 2. Absorbing layer of the shell consists of a high-performance selective coating, absorbing almost all the energy from solar radiation. Stored water vapor inside the receiver, solar energy, separated from the outer surface of heat-insulating sheath 3. Insulation is a flexible foam plastic, a sort of foam that was used in the first solar steam install continuous, but much lighter and more durable.

Water vapor from the interior of the centrifugal compressor design sucks 4 and injected into the gap between the transparent insulation and coated with a layer of absorbing.

The space between the transparent insulation 1 and absorbing shell 2 is divided into compartments special partitions. In each compartment there are valves, connecting this compartment with adjacent compartments, and interior space design.

A very important advantage of solar power plant construction type «Black Pearl» is that couples, forcing the compressor in the space between the transparent and absorbing envelope circulates only in the illuminated side of the structure. This effect is achieved by the system of valves that separate the compartments and connecting mezhobolochnoe and interior design. The work of the valves is programmed in such a way that the routes of circulation of steam varies according to the situation of the sun in the sky and moving illuminated spot of the installation. This allowed to exclude the cooling of steam when it moves through shaded.

Inside design temperature steam is 120 ÷ 130 º C. Selective absorbing coating under the action of sunlight heats up to 150 ÷ 180 º C. Steam circulating in mezhobolochnom space, is heated up to 140 ÷ 160 º C.

From the inside of the design of superheated water at atmospheric pressure enters the steam turbine 5.

At the exit from the steam turbine water vapor at a pressure of 0.05 ÷ 0.08 atmospheres comes from water vapor in the condenser 7. The capacitor is a heat exchanger, cooled by sea water.

The water resulting from condensation of water vapor, water pumps 8 under 5 atmospheres of pressure fed back into the domestic space of the cylinder.

Inside the cylinder the water passing through the nozzle with small holes, sprayed, and liaising with superheated steam, to evaporate. Thus, the recovering stock of water vapor. Water inside the container will occur only during daylight hours, when the absorption of solar energy. The rest of the time of day and days skondensirovavshayasya dirty water accumulated in a special tank.

Fixing ropes 9 are intended to prevent the overturning of the cylinder power plant from wind loads.

In the table below are the most important quantitative characteristics of the solar power plant type «Black Pearl».
Parameter
Dimension
Value
Note

The diameter of the cylinder
m
300
In the daytime, with sunny weather

Maximum electrical power
kW
6000
Electrical power at the terminals of an electric

Vapor pressure at the inlet of the turbine
atm
1






Steam temperature at the inlet of the turbine
º C
120 ÷ 130
Depending on the time of the day

Pressure

in the condenser
atm
0.06 ÷ 0.08
Depending on the temperature of cooling water

The stock of water vapor in the container
m3

kg
14 × 106






9 × 106
When the maximum filling of the cylinder

Hours power through a pair of stocks in the container
night
4
When daily average electrical power

5000 kW

Thermal efficiency of power plants





0.15






Loss of heat through the cylinder shell
%
7
In relation to the absorption of radiation

Mass of container
t
1900
Without taking into account the mass of water vapor




Because at the time of writing the book is not completed in full the patenting of all technical solutions power «Black Pearl», I can not elaborate further on these very important and interesting things, like construction mezhobolochnyh compartments, a transparent insulation material, the absorbing layer and the heat-insulating layer.

It is witty and at the same time simple and cheap construction is a system of valves that ensure the circulation of water vapor in the compartments, heated solar radiation.

The operating principle of the steam heating system is clear from Figure 6.






Fig.6

Of the schemes seen in the changing status of the illuminated part of the cylinder surface is changed and circulation of water vapor in mezhobolochnom space. In the shade of the cylinder, where the pair while driving would be cooled, the way a pair of blocked system, and pneumatic valves.

A crucial issue is the breaking-out a reliable container plant. In the southern part of Taiwan during the hurricane wind speed can reach 40 meters per second. With its huge size (diameter of the cylinder - 300m), a horizontal force of wind pressure in the case of 2500 tons. It is clear that the plastic film envelope is not able to withstand such pressures. Therefore, all raskrepleny shell to the force's framework is a network of ugleplastikovyh ropes.

Design power skeleton staff were Taybeyskogo Building University with specialists from the United States and Japan. The design of the power frame was a very successful, as evidenced by the fact that the «Black Pearl» safely deferred for several tropical storms, including destructive typhoon on 8 December 2004.

Schematic diagram of construction of the power frame is given in Figure 7.






Fig.7

Figure 8 shows a view of the construction from above.





Fig.8

Power frame is designed not only to the perception of wind loading. Much more pressure than even the wind pressure during the typhoon, is push (Archimedean) force.

When atmospheric pressure superheated steam in a cylinder of solar power is the density of 0.6 kg/m3. Density is the outdoor air is 1.3 kg/m3. Thus, each cubic meter of inner space of container filled with water vapor creates a lifting force is 0.7 kg/m3. Lift all the water vapor in the cylinder is 8 400 tons. Subtracting the mass of the cylinder shell (1900 tonnes), the vertical lift will be 6 500 tons. This is a very serious magnitude. Not surprisingly, the mass of the muscular frame, along with bracing was 400 tons, and this despite the fact that the carcass used for the power light and exceptionally strong ugleplastikovye ropes.

Generally the problem of designing power skeleton proved among the most difficult problems in the creation of solar power «Black Pearl». As I have said, to deal with these problems were brought experts from the United States and Japan, and they were convinced that developing a new design gasholder for storage of natural gas.

Construction of the anchors for the attachment of raschalok performed by Taiwanese experts, without foreign aid. A power plant «Black Pearl», there are eight anchors, located 300 meters from the center of the cylinder. Anchor is a thick-walled steel tubes 426 mm in diameter, buried in the soil to a depth of 20 meters at an angle of 45 º to the axis of the cylinder. The inside of the pipes filled with concrete and steel ropes, which are mounted and bracing of carbon. Drilling and installation of anchors produced Taiwanese firm from Kaohsiung.

It is very interesting in the creative design of steam turbines proved. In modern thermal power turbines working in such settings simply do not.

Of course, for modern industry, producing steam turbines for steam at a pressure of 150 atmospheres and temperatures in excess of 500 º C, to produce steam for the turbines at a pressure of one atmosphere and a temperature not exceeding 150 º C did not provide any problems. However, all modern steam turbines have a horizontal arrangement of the shaft. We also, because of the construction of solar power «Black Pearl», it was desirable to have a steam turbine with a vertical shaft.

At one time, have problems dealing with enhancing the effectiveness of the thermodynamic cycle of nuclear power plants, I have proposed a new scheme for thermal nuclear power plant with pressurized water reactor type. Unlike existing schemes, the generation of steam in the proposed scheme is not in the active zone of the reactor, and not in the heat exchanger, the steam from the surface of boiling water, and choking with hot water at the outlet of the reactor turbines. Currently completed construction of the first plant of this type in France.

Turbines, in which the choking of hot water, is located on a vertical shaft. Hydroturbine experience design for the new scheme of thermal plants has helped us in a short time to design a steam turbine with a vertical shaft for solar power «Black Pearl».

The design of steam-turbine installations is given in Figure 9.



Figure 9

1 - a supply of steam pipe

2 - guide apparatus


3 - turbine rotor

4 - building steam installation

5 - heat transfer surface

6 - nozzle tap water

Water vapor from the container under pressure of 1 atm and at a temperature of 120 ÷ 130 º C through a supply pipe 1 comes in a pair of fixed guide vane turbine 2. Bring the nozzles in the guide vane water vapor gets into the rotating turbine rotor 3, where the kinetic energy of the flow of steam turns into energy of rotation of the turbine rotor. Out of the rotor through the channels along the hull steam installation 4 pairs directed to heat transfer surface 5. Heat transfer surface is a tubular heat exchanger, which circulates inside the tube cooling water. On the surface of the tubes steam condenses, and water flows to the bottom of the shell from which to tap the water pipe 6 pumped water pump. Turbine rotor is a shaft with a generator 7, which delivers electricity.

For more information flowing design of the turbine is given in Figure 10.







Fig.10

1 - a supply of steam pipe

2 - guide apparatus

3 - rotor turbine vanes

4 - drive the turbine rotor

5 - Wave Turbine

6 - bearing

Steam installer gets such dimensions that it has been possible to fully collect on the machine-building plant in Taipei, and by sea, then on the road in a caravan assembled to deliver to the site of the construction of «Black Pearl». Ability to deliver steam installation assembled much easier and cheaper deployment of solar power in general. Of course, for the first sample, these considerations are not very significant, but the serial construction of solar power plant the opportunity to build the power plant is very important.

It is suddenly a major problem was the creation of water to fill the container with water vapor. To keep the guaranteed supply of water is needed tank volume 10 000 m3. Construction of tanks of large capacity is not a difficult task for the Taiwanese industry. Quite quickly we found a company that is able to mount two tanks of 5 000 m3 in the solar power plant. The company had a lot of experience installing tanks for petroleum and petroleum products. However, cost was very high. As I said, for the first pilot plant of the importance of this fact was not, but with massive construction of such facilities a significant rise in the cost of construction of nature by the high cost of water storage was extremely undesirable. Nevertheless, the contract was entered into with the company.

I confess not to imagine that in such a seemingly simple case, as the storage of water, you can invent something new.

However, the National Institute of Alternative Energy at the request of the doctor Meya found the patent, in my Norwegian, the underwater storage of fresh water on the seabed. The idea was simple, but very witty.

The meaning of the idea is clear from Figure 11.





Fig.11

1 - tank with a flexible sheath

2 - conduit


3 - pump station

At the seafloor at a sufficient depth of the reservoir is located in a flexible sheathing of plastic film 1. The inner surface of the reservoir through the pipe 2 is connected with the consumer in the land. Pumping Station 3 pump water in both directions, depending on customer needs. Density of water in the reservoir and seawater differ slightly, so the internal pressure in the reservoir is slightly different from the external pressure of sea water. Wall of the shell can be made of a thin and cheap plastic.

As steam power plants, including solar power «Black Pearl» anyway to cool the condenser should be located near the reservoir, then the method of water storage technology quite acceptable. The cost of the underwater plastic shell is several times less than steel of similar ground tank volume.

However, for the «Black Pearl», since the new technology of water storage has not yet been worked by, mounted two steel tank to 5 000 cubic meters each. The underwater vessel was ready since the beginning of operation of the plant.

Very interesting from the engineering point of view of technology installation cylinder power plant. Cylinder manufactured and fully assembled at the factory of polymeric materials in Kaohsiung. Then, half the volume of the cylinder filled with water vapor. The cylinder was lifted into the air to a height of about one kilometer and two helicopters had been towed to the place of installation. The transport operation was without complications, although had to wait for suitable weather for three weeks.

All construction and installation work on the construction of solar power «Black Pearl» took five months. As already mentioned, the input power plant into operation (start-up of the turbine), held on 17 July 2003.


Solar Power «Black Pearl»
















7. The project «Black Moon»

To fully meet the needs of the economy in electricity generation in modern conditions it is necessary to have 1 kW electricity generation capacity per person. If you are using for power generation solar power plant type «Black Pearl» Taiwan should have five thousand such units.

The area of solar power «Black Pearl» occupies an area of 0.3 square kilometers. For five thousand such solar power should be allocated territory, an area of 1 500 square kilometers.

This amount is not excessive for Taiwan with an area of 36 000 square kilometers and is only about 4% of its territory.

However, the construction of solar power is justified only in the southern part of the island, where there is no prolonged cloudy weather, preferably at Cape Eluanbi.

Due to the extremely high population density in southern Taiwan's deployment of 5000-type solar power «Black Pearl» is problematic.

To resolve this problem, a project «Black Moon». Solar power plant type «Black Moon» was put into operation on 17 April 2005 at a distance of two kilometers from the solar power «Black Pearl».

Solar Power «Black Moon» is different from the solar power «Black Pearl» first of all a system of fastening the cylinder power to the ground.

Breaking-out scheme of the container shown in Figure 12.




Fig. 12

1 - frame made of rope

2 - restraining ropes


3 - anchor

Staining of building excluding water tanks for solar power «Black Moon» is only 300 square meters, which almost completely eliminates the problem of deployment of solar power.

The center of the cylinder diameter of 300 meters of solar power «Black Moon» is situated at an altitude of 450 meters above the ground in calm weather. When the wind speed 40 meters per second (hurricane), the vertical tilt of the axis of the installation is 20 degrees, the center of the cylinder is lowered to a height of 420 meters.

Steam from the container enters the steam plant for flexible plastic steam inside diameter of one meter. Steam has a heat insulation thickness 0. 3 meters.

To feed the water inside the cylinder to the pipe supplying water is a cascade of water pumps in the quantity of 5 pieces. Duplication of pumps is provided, as they are very reliable units.

However, the technology of the repair work on solar power «Black Pearl» and «Black Moon» still not completed due to a small experience of their operation.
Solar Power «Black Moon»

Solar power plants «Black Moon» and «Black Pearl»





8. The project «Sunny Island»

Already after the first week of the solar power «Black Pearl» became a clear possibility for Taiwan to satisfy their needs for electricity from solar energy.

To do this, as already mentioned, it should be not less than 5,000 power plants of 5000 kW each.

To accomplish this ambitious task it is necessary to develop technology for industrial production of all elements of power, find a reliable way to transport the container to the site of the construction of power plants and the technology of installation of all elements of power.

The optimal duration replacing traditional electricity generation capacity for solar power the National Institute of Alternative Energy, and then the Government of the island has been identified in the ten years after the start of series production of solar power plants of type «Black Moon». It is necessary to build capacities and create construction and assembly organizations in a position to enter into operation before the five types of solar power «Black Moon» in the year.

In the city of Taichung (Taichung), located at a distance of 50 kilometers to the north of Kaohsiung, the venue for the construction of a factory for the production of cylinders for solar power plants. There is going to make raskreplyayuschie ropes and plastic tanks for underwater storage of water. Steam power plants is scheduled to perform in Taipei.

The power plant in Taichung is designed for the production of 300 solar power plants a year. Subsequently, or planned construction of the second stage of the plant, or building a similar plant in another city of Taiwan.

Technology transporting containers to the place of construction of power plants by air using helicopters was tested in the creation of «Black Pearl» and «Black Moon», and demonstrated its effectiveness.

The National Institute of Alternative Energy A special survey department, which determines the location of future structures of power.

Contracts with several construction companies, which, after the legal and financial issues for the allotment of land, producing oil and set concrete anchors for future solar power plants. Venues with anchors and then fenced and preserved.
By the end of the first plant in Taichung is scheduled to produce no less than three thousand sites in the southern part of the island.

Modernized system of power lines to the island's possible connection to the power of Taiwan new solar power plants as you type them into operation.

National Institute of Alternative Energy is actively engaged in currently looking for technologies that could replace fossil fuels in industry and transport. The ideologists of this direction, the Deputy Chairman of the National Institute of Alternative Energy in Chan believes that Taiwan should translate its economy on energy consumption only in the form of electricity from solar power, which in his opinion, would mean the transition of society to a higher level of development.

9. The project «Black Star»

Immediately after the completion of the construction of solar power «Black Moon» I sent to the Chairperson of the National Institute of Alternative Energy note, which presented his views on the further development of solar steam power continuous.

The note stated that, in my opinion, the type of solar power «Black Pearl» and «Black Moon» is only an intermediate step towards the realization of the opportunities inherent in this technology for production of electricity.

I believe that full-scale solar power is possible only on the basis of solar aerostatnyh power cylinders which are located above cloud layer.

At the Earth's orbit the solar radiation power is 1.3 kW / m 2. With cloudless skies at the surface of the earth radiation power on a platform, installed perpendicular to the sun, is 1.0 ÷ 1.1 kW / m 2. After passing through the atmosphere in the cloudless sky is lost due to absorption and scattering of about 20% of energy from solar radiation.

The flow of solar radiation power of 1.0 kW / m 2 is adequate for the effective operation of solar power. But, as already mentioned, such power of solar radiation at the earth's surface is only in the cloudless sky. Cloud cover at about ten times reduces the power of solar radiation reaching the earth's surface. In this work the power of solar radiation solar power is impossible, because energy absorption is not covered, even thermal energy loss due to leakage of heat from the cylinder into the atmosphere.

The weather conditions of southern Taiwan, especially on Cape Eluanbi, ensure reliable power supply from land-based solar power plants of type «Black Moon». Duration overcast weather here is not more than three days, the number of sunny days per year to three, with almost cloudless skies. However, weather conditions in the rest of Taiwan, especially in the northern part of the island, do not allow it to deploy ground-based solar power plants.

In general, Taipei winter weeks is not sunny, and almost daily rains.

In an even greater extent, these considerations apply to the remaining places on our planet. In much of Europe, Asia and North America because of the weather conditions can not be an effective ground-based solar power plants.

The situation changed dramatically when the solar power plant to raise the balloon to a height of 4 ÷ 7 kilometers above the ground so that the balloon was above cloud cover. Even before my departure to Taiwan, I filed an application for the invention of solar power aerostatnoy and in 2003 received a patent of Russian Federation.

The principle of operation of solar power aerostatnoy clear from Figure 13.




Fig.13

1 - transparent shell

2 - absorbing shell


3 - steam

4 - pipe with water pumps

5 - steam turbine

6 - condenser

7 - power line

The designs of solar power aerostatnaya practically does not differ from the power plant «Black Pearl».

The shell of a two-car performed. Sun's rays heat the inner shell balloon, which is caused by solar radiation absorption layer.

Modern selective absorbing material can be heated from the direct (nekontsentrirovannyh) sunlight up to 200 º C, and more.

Inside the shell is absorbing water vapor, heated via a shell heat flow to 100-150 º C. Vapor pressure equals the outside atmospheric pressure.

Inside absorptive shell car is surrounded by the outer sheath, transparent to sunlight. A layer of gas (air) between the heat-insulating shells heated inner lining of the outside air balloon.

Water vapor absorption of the inner shell of flexible steam is fed into steam turbine, located on the surface of the Earth. Wastage of water vapor from the inner shell of balloon offset nutrient water to cascade pumps supplied from a steam turbine condenser. Inside the balloon envelope and the water sprayed evaporates. For a standard atmosphere at an altitude of 5 km at a pressure of 0.54 atm and a temperature of -17.5 º C air density is 0.7 kg / m 3. The density of water vapor at the same pressure and temperature of 150 º C is 0.3 kg / m 3. Thus, one cubic meter aerostat able to raise 0.4 kg. Balloon diameter of 300 m is able to raise to a height of 5 km cargo weighing 5600 t. This is quite enough to keep the shell, steam, feed water pipeline from the cascade of electro-and breaking-out car. When the temperature of the water vapor in the inner envelope of 150 º C efficiency turboustanovki 15%. Power electric pumps needed for lifting water from the condenser feedwater steam turbine into the inner balloon shell is 15% of generated electrical power.

Due to the steam turbine and for cooling by heat exchange with ambient air for the night lift balloon will decrease by 10%, which would not affect the status of the container car. In the daytime due to solar radiation heating steam generation takes place not only for steam turbines, but also to replenish the stock of water vapor in the inner envelope of balloon.

When the diameter of the cylinder shell balloon 300 m steam turbine generator is able to seamlessly generate 5000 kW of electric power. This can be a pain to change the turbo power during the day according to the needs of the consumer.

Thermodynamic cycle of this installation has a very interesting feature. When the flow of steam down to the surface of the Earth's potential energy of a pair of passes into the internal energy, which leads to an increase in pressure and temperature steam to the turbine. This, in turn, increases the thermodynamic efficiency steam plant. This effect is quite significant. So, with differences in elevation between the balloon and the steam turbine 5000 m increase in temperature of 25 º. Thermodynamic efficiency steam-turbine installation due to this effect is increased by 5%, that for power plants is a very large size.

By his note to the leadership of the National Institute of Alternative Energy I project has made aerostatnoy solar power plant, which is in accordance with Chinese tradition so called «Black Star».

Calculations show that we have already established cylinders with diameter of 300 meters allow up to a height of 5 ÷ 7 miles not only by the cylinder, but also flexible steam, and a flexible pipe supplying water to cascade water pumps, and a system of rope-fastening raschalok. The density of air at an altitude of 5 km at an altitude of nearly two and a half times lower than that of the earth's surface. Accordingly, decreases and wind load, the more so at such altitudes, there is no hurricane winds. The power of solar radiation at an altitude of 5 km to 10% higher than the earth's surface, with clear weather.

But the most important advantage of the high-altitude balloon solar power is, of course, the illumination bulb solar radiation, regardless of weather conditions during the daylight.

This dramatically improves the efficiency and reliability of solar power.
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